karlsson clocks | finishing touches: April 2008

Sunday, April 27, 2008

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Mute Swans may have Russian, not English accents

The History of Mute Swans in America and a Misinterpreted Past
By Kathryn Burton and Robert Alison,PhD

For many years, despite solid evidence to the contrary, the mute swan (Cygnus olor)has been called a non-native bird, imported from England. It is, in fact, an ancient circumboreal bird, with a history across Britain, Europe and Asia and into the Russian Maritimes and Kamchatka, a major staging area for millions of birds on migration across the American continent, a short distance from Alaska. (Dement?ev 1970, M.Weiloch 1992)
The mute swan circles the globe in certain latitudes for nesting and migration. A number of countries lay claim to the mute swan, adorning stamps and coins with its image, from China to Ireland. The United States agencies want to make it extinct, while Canada, a Treaty partner, has no such killing programs.
We hope to make obvious the role grant money plays in positions taken by organizations endorsing programs proposed by the federal agencies, without scientific basis or in conflict with scientific data and/or their own regulations.

These data suggest that an ancestral proto-mute swan or swans generated lineages over an extensive period of time, evolving locally and perhaps simultaneously in North America and Eurasia, shaped divergently by different local environmental pressures but nonetheless homotaxic.

How did anti-mute swan feelings develop? During the 1600s, many colonists came here from the British Isles. The presence of a ?royal symbol? such as the mute swan, was not acceptable, especially in areas such as Hudson?s Bay, where some Scottish and Irish workers held a fierce resentment of the Crown. (Lindsay, 2003) It was illegal to kill a mute swan, protected by the king, punishable by fine or death, a law that reached into Canada (Churcher,2006).

It is not suprising then, that records at Hudson?s Bay Company do not mention species in their records of swan skins, using ?probably most were trumpeter swans?? instead. However, a mute swan sternum was found in the area and recorded in a Royal Ontario Museum collection and a Trent University book (H.Savage and D.Sadler 2003). The sternum was dated mid-late 1600s, Ft.Albany, (pre-colonization). Documents produced in Hill v Norton, 2002 for the federal government?s argument, admit the movement of mute swans from that area of Canada into the United States, through the Great Lakes.(Cirianca, 2001)

While imports of mute swans have been documented, and expected, the probability of a ?natural migration? (without the hand of man) at some long ago historic date becomes obvious. Fossils found in at least four states here in America and the 1600s specimen from Canada, prove that.

?The question is not would mute swans have come onto this continent?

but rather, why would they not?? (P.S.Martin, 2002)

Results of Mislabeling
This lack of voracity in dealing with the obvious puts the swans at a disadvantage in protection and evaluation of environmental impact. While agency people admit studies do not show extensive negative affects to habitat or surroundings, the very limited data is presented as representing a ?potential? problem caused by the species. Normal bird behavior is seen as extreme, given as a reason for ?removal? of the swans. Such activity is promoted by previously respected nature groups, such as Audubon and The Nature Conservancy. Both appear as experts, in Senate and House hearings on proposed USF&WS programs,
both are beneficiaries of large federal agency grants, from those very same agencies.

Avian Paleontology Record

Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene fossils ( 20 million to 10,000 years ago) discovered at various sites in the United States represent Cygnus paloregonus, a mute swan genotype found in Fossil Lake, Oregon in large numbers. These fossil swans were ?very similar to, but somehow distinct?from Cygnus olor, the mute swan (Cope 1878) (Coues 1887) The distinction was primarily size. Later work hypothesised by Bergmann (1847) and proven in Baird?s extensive collection at the Smithsonian, provides a reason for the size difference within a species, dependant on a number of things, but primarily altitude, latitude, temperature, inland and coastal humidity (Lindsay, 1993)and of course food availability and climate extremes. This would account for a size difference in the same species of bird from modern United States and the Russia/Siberia coast in avian fossils.

Analogous Pleistocene fossil swan material was discovered at Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument. Pierce Brodkorb of the University of Florida described a specimen, later dubbed Olor hibbardi (Wilson Bulletin (1958) 7(3): pg.237). It is a mute swan homologue (Bickart 1990), (McDonald, 2001).

California studies have found additional Cygnus paloregonus fossils in the Anza-Borrego Desert (Jefferson,2005).

Arizona has yielded a late-Pleistocene fossil, very similar to the mute swan (Howard 1956, Bickart 1990), and called C.o. mariae. Mute-like fossil bones from the late Pliocene in Nebraska have been identified as Paracygnus plattensis (Short 1969)Fossil swans from different North American sites confirm a prehistoric presence of three lineages of North American mute swan homologues in the Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene.

Eventually, the North American genotype possibly went extinct. However, it could also be they ?never went extinct, but became exceedingly rare and may have persisted in small pockets of unexplored parts of the continent? (E.Pielou,2001) pers.com. This pattern also describes the history of another swan in America, a swan that was found with mute swans in Fossil Lake, Oregon, the trumpeter.

Today

Wild mute swans currently occur in the area of Fort Albany (Abraham and Ross 2005), in habitats similar to those that were present there in the 17th Century. On July 16, 2004, a mute swan was seen on mudflats only a few miles from the site where the swan sternum was found by the Kenyon group (op.cit.).

The mute swan is circumboreal across much of Europe and Asia. Annual Reports from The Trumpeter Swan Society include mentions of Eurasian mute, Bewick?s, and whooper swans coming into Alaska.(W.Sladen, J. King 1978) The whooper swans also are known to arrive in the Aleutians (Eichholz and James,1997)Yosemite, Massachusetts on occasion, from Iceland, (Sutton,1962) another area in which the mute swans have a history.

At present, about 16, 000 mute swans occur in at least 21 states and three Canadian provinces. In northern latitudes all of the four swan species fly together on migration throughout Europe and Asia and Bewick?s, whooper and whistling (now tundra) swans have long been known to come into Alaska, with fatal results on Federal properties, according to the Trumpeter Swan Society reports. (W.Sladen, J. King 1978) It is not unlikely mute swans continued their ancient route, joining them in migration from Russia. It is very difficult for hunters to identify swan species, ?in the midst,? as shown in
data collected on trumpeter losses during tundra swan hunting season in the Pacific Flyway.

MBC, MBTA,MBTRA

The Migratory Birds Convention (MBC) (1916) is the primary authority for federal protection of migratory birds?the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) is its enabling legislation. Mute swans were present and well known in North America when the MBC was fashioned, and had they not been intended for protection, the MBC would doubtless have so indicated.

Since ancestral mute swans were prehistoric inhabitants of North America, were here during early colonization in Canada as well as the United States (S.D.Ripley 1965) and information from the Trumpeter Swan Society papers indicates a movement of Eurasian mute swans into Alaska,(J.King,1968.) this would constitute a homecoming, through surviving kin, of a once-present genotype that became extinct or rare, into a former niche. This is rather like the restoration of Trumpeter swans by federal and state agencies, from stock bought from Dr. Blauuw, in Holland, (Herscheid1904) which the agencies view as ?a homecoming.?

The Chesapeake Bay Problem

The Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries cover 41,000,000 acres.
Of the more than 1,000,000 waterfowl that overwinter or pass through the Chesapeake Bay annually, no more than 3800 mute swans have ever been counted there, according to DNR estimates, 2004. Many of these are birds from inland states that move to open water from areas where lakes freeze in winters.

There is no comparison between high population waterfowl, numbering in the hundreds of thousands, (some of which were introduced by the agencies, for hunting,) and the mute swans, in such small numbers. The agencies create a difference, by suggesting the mute swan is non-native, based on junk or no science,as the Federal Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit found (2001,2003)

The mutes are accused of excessive eating of eelgrass, a submerged underwater plant. Eelgrass is sensitive to pollution, which raises water temperature, killing the grasses. Eelgrass needs salinity and light and is disturbed by trawlers, excessive boat traffic, and especially dumping of solid and liquids waste as well as non-point seeping of detritus from hog and chicken farms, as well as old septic systems and water treatment plants. This is where the focus should be, on the people who create these situations.

More than half of the waterfowl species on the Chesapeake and in the estuaries eat eelgrass. This has been historically proven and has been so for thousands of years. Then, too, there are cyclic world-wide losses of eelgrass, not influenced by the comparatively small number of mute swans, here and in other areas around the globe.

Nonetheless, anti-mute swan sentiment pervades state, provincial and federal government wildlife management agency agendas, based on the preconception that these birds are non native, and not deserving of Bay grasses.The Maryland state DNR goes to extremes in its efforts to justify this, suggesting that mute swans take the habitat of terns, which is ridiculous. Terns nest on pebbles, swans in reeds. The one case continually sited supposedly took place thirty years ago and it was a ?flock? of six terns, noted by one agency man, undocumented and questionable.

The trumpeter swan is admittedly the more aggressive bird (L. Gillette, 1988)(J.Johnson,1988)(C.Lueck 1989) yet in 1991 the state of Washington placed mute swans on the deleterious exotic wildlife list and removed them from the wild, because of a perceived threat to other waterfowl (D. Kraege 1991) Again, this is not to say that aggression is not caused by unnatural situations created by man. Placing birds where they are exposed to ?management? exacerbates the situation. Allowing jet skiers to harass any waterfowl is outrageous, even if the boaters do pay for licenses. In the case of the mute swan, again the mistaken label of non-native is used to justify illegal behavior. The agencies are supposed to protect wildlife, not humans breaking the law. The response from the birds is a natural one and is not limited to this species.

One must ask, how the mute swan, a bird regarded as aggressive in the United States, has throughout a large part of the world, gained a reputation and symbolized peace and serenity for more than a thousand years, been placed in parks where children feed them, and are seen on coins and stamps.

This singling out and creating a ?royal bird? however, has played a negative role and a resentment, often shown in abusive treatment of these birds that continues to this day, among individuals who resent the symbolism, created by man, not the bird.

Regardless, a federal ad hoc policy eventually took shape in which mute swans were considered exotics, managed as if unprotected by the MBTA. On December 28, 2001, the US DC Court of Appeals (Hill v Norton)ruled that the MBTA term ?Anatidae, or waterfowl, including ducks, geese and swans? incorporates all swans in North America, including mutes. In April 2004, pressure arose from Maryland, Michigan, Wisconsin and Rhode Island, all promoting the ?placement? of trumpeter swans as an ultimate hunting trophy bird, to amend the MBTA to exclude mute swans. In November of that year, the ?Migratory Bird Treat Reform Act? came into being, appended to an Omnibus spending Bill, without House or Senate votes, a maneuver Senator Lieberman and Congressman Simmons said ?was illegal.? In 2005, the mute swan was officially delisted.

The Lewis and Clark Connection
Lewis and Clark were asked by Thomas Jefferson to collect a pair of trumpeter swans during their journey. During the first part of the Expedition swans were noted in the geological journal thirteen times, eaten, in fact, and yet there was no mention of species or excitement noted until the return trip, at the base of the Columbia River, where they found trumpeters and tundras.

The swans they saw at Fourth of July Creek, in the Kansas-Missouri area, on July 4 -7 1804, would not have been either trumpeter or whistling swans (now called tundras), who would be in the northern latitudes, nesting. Both the trumpeter and tundra swans migrate north in April/May to their nesting grounds.

Ornithologists identify bird species often by pattern of behavior, the primary one being migration. What species of swan would be in that area at that time? Possibly mute swans, hidden in the relatively undeveloped countryside, just as trumpeters were, in the vastness of the northwest, parts of Canada and Alaska, before they were ?rediscovered.? Migration routes are often shown to be millions of years old.

Flightless swans were reported by P. Jacques Marquette in June 1673 in the Upper Mississippi area, beyond the historic breeding range of the trumpeter or tundra swans (Thwaites 1959). Adult swans were mentioned at Lake Erie by Hennepin (1698), outside the probable breeding range of trumpeters or tundras (Bellrose 1976). According to Father Joseph Jouvency (Thwaites 1959), swans which he identified as ?olores? were breeding near Cabot Strait, Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1610, in areas in which neither tundra nor trumpeter or tundra swans ever bred.

Discussion and conclusions
Convincing paleontological evidence confirms,there is no doubt that several proto-mute lineages were indigenous to the continent. The North American mute swan homologues were indigenous and native, arrested genotypes whose development ended prematurely, or became much diminished in number,along with other faunal victims of the so-called phenomenon of Pleistocene Extinction (Savage, pers.com.). They easiky could have originated in the Kamchatka, Russia/Siberian Maritime and joined the other swan species in migration to the American continent. Some Eurasian vagrant mutes have naturally pioneered into North America in recent time, as both tundra swans (whistling and Bewick?s) and whooper swans have also been documented to do, in Trumpeter Swan Society Papers (W.Sladen 1978) (J.King 1978) The Tundra swans regularly migrate from the Sea of Okhatsk

There is implicative historical information suggesting mutes were present in North America in early colonial times (S.D.Ripley,Smithsonian) All pertinent items of evidence coalesce into a scenario suggestive that mutes were part of North American avifaunal evolutionary history.

It is indisputable that mute swans were present in the early 20th Century in North America, when the MBC and MBTA were being drafted and ratified. It would be extremely unlikely that the formulators of
thosedocuments were unaware that mutes swans were present in North America at that time. Failure of the

MBC to specifically exclude mute swans from its protective provisions suggests the authors did not intend for them to be excluded, because they were here. In fact, in the MBTA, swans and eiders were separated out and taking them through hunting or for medical research was deemed illegal.

Although, in the United States, the de-listing of mute swans has resulted in the killing of swans, as state-initiated programs, the Canadian Wildlife Service considers the birds to be fully protected in Canada. Only in British Columbia has a local removal been conducted, and that was in conjunction with a trumpeter swan reintroduction project, as is being done here in the United Sates, to our shame.

? Swans are citizens of the World? said Peter Scott, in Swans of the World (1972)
Bibliography available on request at ELLCT@aol.com

Kathryn Burton formed and owned a successful advertising and public relations agency in New York City. Her international clients afforded her opportunity to become familiar with the swans of the world, especially the mute swan. Burton has written many articles and op/eds for major newspapers in the United States, primarily on the swans, but also on the land preservation industry. She heads a successful land trust and has a wide variety of interests in all living things.

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Friday, April 25, 2008

Arriving to conclusions can be considered the most difficult part of any form of writing. We felt the same here with this article on grandfather clocks howard miller. Hope you enjoyed it.

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What's The Best Way To Avoid Stark Flash Lighting On People When You Take Photos At

The night is a fascinating subject to photograph. It requires a challenging mixture of creative and technical skills. It?s an art which can take a lifetime to master. But every step along the way is fun and enjoyable.

One of the questions I often get asked about night photography is: What?s the best way to avoid the stark, obvious flash lighting on people when you take photos at night?

Aside from the stark, obvious answer of don?t use flash lighting, there are several thing you can do to light people at night. If you are using an on-camera flash, you can angle it 45 degrees or straight up. This will help to soften the light somewhat. You could also put some masking tape or a tissue across the flash bulb to soften harsh flash lighting. Both of these methods will result in a more ambient atmosphere but you may lose some detail.

For a couple of days a month you can rely on moonlight to illuminate your subject. You may get some shadowing in the face but it will be soft and dramatic rather than deer-stuck-in-headlights. This is not such a reliable method however as candid, spur-of-the-moment shoots invariably tend to fall on days when the moonlight is not good.

Using artificial light helps you to be in control of the situation. A flashlight is very handy because it doesn?t take up much room. You can get them various sizes and intensities and some even come with a beam that can be focused. Because the light is constant, instead of flashed, you?ll have more control over the lighting throughout the exposure.

If you are planning to light a very large area, then you will need several flashguns or even floodlights. Of course these are very bright lights, which kind of removes the fun of shooting in the dark. Flashguns can be used artistically however, to ?paint? objects during long exposures.

Adam Foster is the author of "How To Take Amazing Night Time Photos", available today from http://www.amazingnightphotos.com/

In the book, Adam teaches you insider's tips and tricks about photographing the moon and stars, northern lights, fireworks, architecture, cityscapes, portraits and wildlife at night.

You?ll read about the technical and creative aspects of the art. Technical subjects such as which lenses to use, how and when to use flash lighting, what aperture and exposure settings you need in different situations and how to determine what to use. On the creative side you'll learn what subjects you can photograph and different ideas about how to shoot them. Examples of amazing night time photos are scattered throughout the pages.

"How To Take Amazing Night Time Photos" is available today, only at http://www.amazingnightphotos.com/

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Sunday, April 20, 2008

We give you the authority to voice your opinions on this article on fireplace mantels for sale. However, we do fervently hope that you voice positive opinions.

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Home Garden Decor

Today?s garden decor is more of an extension of your living space. Versatile outdoor spaces can be used for dining and lounging with family members, as well as entertaining guests. Decorating your garden for these functions gives you a fabulous alternative to the traditional dinner party! With the wonderful new garden decor trend of creating an outdoor kitchen and dining/living area you are expanding your square footage and increasing your home value. According to "Smart Money" magazine, consumers who spend 5 percent of the value of their home on landscaping can expect to add 15 percent or more to its value. Entertaining trends are following suit with the garden decor trends. Themed garden parties and of course the traditional American Barbeque is all the rage. It?s very easy and affordable to double your living space.

Add a few comfortable weatherproof chairs, an unused table, paint a lasting rug to your patio and you are on your way to doubling your living space or be inventive?Create a grass couch, table and loveseat, using a wood structure covered in sod. Be creative in your garden decor. Center your living/dinning space close to your ?kitchen? area. In 2004 alone 14.5 million grills were sold, so that along with a small refrigerator, a prep/serving table and you have just achieved an inexpensive outdoor kitchen. You can always build a more defined structure encompassing built in appliances. Use your imagination and remember your garden decor is a refection of you and your family.

Adding a canopy or fire pit will make a wonderful addition to the completion of your garden decor. Create different rooms outside by separating the areas by plants, screens, and trellises. Place a fire pit in one corner away from all flammables, of course and place some place a few chairs around, to create a wonderful area to tell ghost stories and roast marshmallows. Use a canopy in another area and place an outdoor bed or picnic table under it and this will create a place to lounge in a shaded area and enjoy your garden. Trends are gearing towards mimicking your home outside. So duplicating your living spaces outside is an important aspect to your garden decor.

Adding life to your garden decor is also an essential part. There are many different ways to accomplish this. Make it a project for your whole family. Incorporate a vegetable and herb garden, pond or Butterfly garden to your garden decor. Nothing improves your garden more than the use of plant life, trees, native plants, perennials or annuals. Just make sure that they will survive your climate. Ask your local gardening store for assistance with your selection.

Ensure that your garden decor includes fragrant plants to enhance your outdoor experience. A Butterfly Garden is a perfect avenue to take. Not just beautiful plants to view, but an outdoor lab for your children to explore. Chose a sunny spot and include plants such as Lantana, zinnia, coneflower, butterfly bush and abelia. Butterflies especially love clusters of small tubular flowers. Some species enjoy fennel, parsley, dill, and rue which is a wonderful gateway to incorporate an herb garden. Adding a few of the fragrant plants will assist in drawing in birds bringing in even more life and color to your garden. Interjecting a birdhouse and a water source into your garden decor will ensure that the birds will come back and will provide hours of entertainment.

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Thursday, April 17, 2008

Questions are meant to be answered. This is why we hope that all your questions on infant cradle have been answered by this composition on infant cradle.

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The American English Accent:: The Voiced And Unvoiced

The voiced and unvoiced consonants

In this section we will try to clarify the difference between the voiced consonants and the unvoiced consonants.

If you want to master English pronunciation you have to able to distinguish between these two types of consonants. This is necessary for you to learn the proper pronunciation when you learn new vocabulary. And more importantly you need to know the difference between voiced and unvoiced consonants to be able to pronounce the words of English correctly. What makes one consonant be voiced and another not?

A consonant is voiced when it makes the vocal cords vibrate. It is voiceless when it is pronounced without vibrating the vocal cords.

The sound of the letters "p" and "b"

For example, the sounds indicated by the letters "b" and "p" differ only in their vocalization (voicing). The are both "bilabials", that is, they are produced by closing both lips. But the "b" is voiced and the "p" is unvoiced. In this article, we will follow common practice and indicate the letters of the alphabet with quotes (?b? and ?p?) and the sounds with slashes (/b/ and /p/)

You can appreciate the difference by lightly touching with the tips of your fingers your "Adam's Apple" (the voice box that you can see in the front of your throat) as you pronounce the word bowl . You can feel the vibration with the tips of our fingers. Concentrate on the first sound, the consonant /b/ before passing to the vowel represented by the "o". Notice that you can lengthen the sound (something is heard!) without the "o". This is because /b/ is a voiced consonant.

Now pronounce the word pole. Do you feel the vibration in the vocal cords? No. The reason is that /p/ is an unvoiced consonant. Notice that you you can't lengthen the sound or hear anything.

When you pronounce these sounds, don't forget the advice we already gave you in other articles: exaggerate the value of the vowel "o" with a strong English accent!

Listen to the following exercise until you can distinguish betwen the two sounds and produce them yourself.

You should be able to telll the difference between the /p/ and the /b/ in the sentence The doctor said: "Bill, take your pill!

Try it now!

The sounds of the English letters /k/ (sometimes "c") and /g/

It is not only the sounds /p/ and /b/ that are voiced or unvoiced. The same distinction holds for the sounds represented by the letters "k" y "g" in the International Phonetic Alphabet. By the way, do you see that it will not be hard for you to learn the symbols of the IPA? Many of the symbols, like the k and the g are already familiar to you. They are the normal letters of the alphabet.

The IPA symbol k interests us now. It is the "hard" sound of the letter "c", the sound that the letter "c" usually takes before the letters "a", "o", and "u", for example in the words car, coat, cube.

Now can you see how the IPA system makes it easy for you to learn the pronunciation of new words? Now, we don't have to worry that sometimes the letter "c" has the sound of the IPA symbol k (as in the word cold) or that sometimes the same letter "c" of the English alphabet is pronounced as the IPA s (as in the words cell ).

Now try to feel in your voice box the vibration in the word coal! You can't because it is the unvoiced partner in the pair. If you touch your voice box while you pronounce the word goal, you do feel the vibration because the sound g is voiced.

Practice the two words coal and goal. But keep on pronouncing the the English vowel with its lengthening. Exaggerate the English language character of the vowel. Don't pronounce it as if it were col or gol in your language. And also remember the explosive nature of the consonant represented by the "c" in English when it is pronounced as the IPA k. Blow out the candle when you say coal.

Pero? ?Qu? no suene como si hablaras de repollo (la col en el Per?) o del f?tbol (el gol)!

?Cuidado con tu acento hispano!

Did you notice that we review various important things about the English sounds as we move along in this book. From now on, in your listening and in your practice, you must remember the explosive consonants, the special English vowels, and the voiced or unvoiced consonants.

Listen and practice all these essential elements of English pronunciation.

The sound of the letters "t" and "d"

Consider the pair of words tear and dear. Do the same with these words as you did above with the pairs of words coal and goal, and pole and bowl. Can you distinguish which of the initial sounds is voiced and which is unvoiced? Both are pronounced in almost the same place in the mouth but the initial sound of these two words is different in that the letter "t" is usually voiceless and the "d" is usually voiced. However, do NOT think that the letter "d" in English is always voiced. You will see that sometimes this letter "d" represents a voiceless sound. This is a VERY important lesson in the pronunciation of English and when you learn how and when the "d" is unvoiced it will be a valuable tool for you in your mastery of English.

This difference between the letters "d" and "t" in English is very important in the matter of the past tense of verbs. We will treat this elsewhere.

Also there is another pair of voiced and unvoiced consonants, the sounds represented in English by the letters "s" and "z". We will study them in their most important contexts, that of the third person singular of the present of verbs, and that of the plural of nouns.

But for now, concentrate on the consonants we just looked at.

Now listen and practice! Listen wherever you can (or listen in our book) to the different pairs of voiced and unvoiced consonants. Then make them yourself.

P and B

K and G

T and D

This lesson is taken from the book, ?Word Power? which contains sound files that let you hear the vowels and consonants and practice their pronunciation.

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